Preceding anti-spike IgG levels predicted risk and severity of COVID-19 during the Omicron-dominant wave in Santa Fe city, Argentina.

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has increased infectivity and immune escape compared with previous variants, and caused the surge of massive COVID-19 waves globally. Despite a vast majority (~90%) of the population of Santa Fe city, Argentina had been vaccinated and/or had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 when Omicron emerged, the epidemic wave that followed its arrival was by far the largest one experienced in the city. A serosurvey conducted prior to the arrival of Omicron allowed to assess the acquired humoral defences preceding the wave and to conduct a longitudinal study to provide individual-level real-world data linking antibody levels and protection against COVID-19 during the wave. A very large proportion of 1455 sampled individuals had immunological memory against COVID-19 at the arrival of Omicron (almost 90%), and about half (48.9%) had high anti-spike immunoglobulin G levels (>200 UI/ml). However, the antibody titres varied greatly among the participants, and such variability depended mainly on the vaccine platform received, on having had COVID-19 previously and on the number of days elapsed since last antigen exposure (vaccine shot or natural infection). A follow-up of 514 participants provided real-world evidence of antibody-mediated protection against COVID-19 during a period of high risk of exposure to an immune-escaping highly transmissible variant. Pre-wave antibody titres were strongly negatively associated with COVID-19 incidence and severity of symptoms during the wave. Also, receiving a vaccine shot during the follow-up period reduced the COVID-19 risk drastically (15-fold). These results highlight the importance of maintaining high defences through vaccination at times of high risk of exposure to immune-escaping variants.

Clinical presentation and outcomes of the first patients with COVID-19 in Argentina: Results of 207079 cases from a national database.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Latin America. We present findings from a nationwide study in Argentina. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is disease severity measures and risk factors are associated with admission to an intensive care unit and mortality? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were extracted from the COVID-19 database of the Integrated Argentina Health Information System, encompassing the period of March 3rd to October 2nd, 2020, using a standardized case report form that included information on contact history, clinical signs and symptoms, and clinical diagnosis. Information was collected at the initial site of care and follow-up conducted through calls by the regional healthcare authorities. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as having a positive result through sequencing or real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. RESULTS: RT-PCR testing was positive in 738,776 cases. Complete datasets were available for analysis in 207,079 cases. Mean age was 42.9±18.8 years, 50.0% were males. Frequent co-existing conditions included hypertension (19.2%), diabetes (9.7%), asthma (6.1%) and obesity (5.2%). Most common symptoms included fever (58.5%), cough (58.0%), headache (45.4%), and sore throat (42.1%). Death or ICU admission were independently associated with older age, male, coma, dyspnea or tachypnea, and seizures, with underlying co-morbidities such as immunodeficiency, chronic renal failure, and liver disease showing the strongest effects. INTERPRETATION: Most cases of COVID-19 diagnosed in Argentina were mild and had a favorable outcome, but fatality rates were relatively elevated. Risk factors for adverse outcome included older age, male sex, coma and seizures, and the concurrent presence of several morbidities. These data may be useful for healthcare providers and healthcare policy makers of low-middle income and Latin American countries to guide decisions toward optimized care during the pandemic.

[Infant mortality and social inequalities in Argentina, 1980-2017]. / Mortalidad infantil y desigualdades sociales en Argentina, 1980-2017.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the trend in infant mortality, inequality between jurisdictions and inequality associated with social conditions in Argentina between 1980 and 2017. METHODS: Ecological and time series study of infant mortality and its inequality. Official data on infant mortality, births and unmet basic needs were obtained; the infant mortality rate, the Gini index and the concentration index were calculated. The trend was also analyzed with a linear regression model and the regression coefficient and its statistical significance were calculated. RESULTS: Infant mortality was reduced by 71.2% (from 32.41 to 9.34 per 1 000 live births). Inequality by jurisdiction also decreased, and the Gini index fell from 0,163 to 0,09. Inequality associated with social conditions also showed a reduction, and the concentration index was reduced from -0.153 to -0.079. Although infant mortality declined throughout the period, this decline was not always accompanied by a reduction in the Gini index and the concentration index. CONCLUSIONS: The trend in the infant mortality rate decreased while the inequality in its distribution by jurisdiction and the inequality associated with social conditions did not always accompany this reduction.

Adoptando un modelo de gestión territorial integral para mejorar las prácticas en el primer nivel de atención de la salud: experiencia en los servicios de salud públicos de la ciudad de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina / A comprehensive territorial management model to improve practices at primary healthcare: describing the experience in the public health services of the city of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina

Este artículo relata la experiencia de la Secretaría de Salud (de la ciudad de Villa María, provincia de Córdoba, Argentina), frente a la implementación de una estrategia de abordaje integral de la salud en los servicios de atención primaria, basada en la territorialidad, la interdisciplinariedad, la participación comunitaria, la integralidad y la intersectorialidad denominada "Programa de Gestión Territorial Integral" (PGTI). Su implementación se realizó utilizando la estrategia de Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS). El programa incluyó la elaboración y difusión periódica, a través del Observatorio de Salud de indicadores construidos por los equipos. La puesta en marcha del PGTI fortaleció la coordinación con distintas áreas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que resultaron en: la adopción del programa por Ordenanza del Consejo Deliberante Municipal, un convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Villa María, un plan conjunto de trabajo con el Hospital Provincial de la ciudad y la incorporación de la rendición de cuentas periódicas de los resultados por parte del ejecutivo municipal al Consejo Deliberante a partir del monitoreo continuo del Observatorio de Salud.El desarrollo hasta aquí logrado conforma un estímulo sustancial para sostener este proceso de formación y gestión colectiva e invita a nuevos desafíos (AU)

This article shows the experience of the Ministry of Health of the city of Villa María, province of Córdoba, Argentina, of implementing a strategy of comprehensive health care approach to in primary health care services, based on territoriality, interdisciplinarity, community participation, comprehensiveness and intersectorality, named the Comprehensive Territorial Management Program (CTMP). Its implementation was carried out using the strategy of Permanent Health Education (PHE). The program included the elaboration and periodic dissemination, through the Health Observatory, of indicators built by the health teams. The implementation of the CTMP strengthened the coordination between the health services and different governmental and non-governmental areas that resulted in the adoption of the program by Ordinance of the Municipal Deliberative Council, an agreement with the National University of Villa María, a joint work plan with the Provincial Hospital of the city and the inclusion of the periodic accountability of the results by the municipal executive to the Deliberative Council. The development achieved thus far constitutes a substantial stimulus to sustain this process of training and collective management and invite new challenges (AU)

Mortalidad infantil y desigualdades sociales en Argentina, 1980-2017

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estimar la tendencia de la mortalidad infantil, de la desigualdad entre jurisdicciones y de la desigualdad asociada a las condiciones sociales en Argentina entre 1980 y 2017. Métodos. Estudio ecológico y de serie temporal de la mortalidad infantil y de su desigualdad. Se obtuvieron los datos oficiales de mortalidad infantil, de nacimientos y de necesidades básicas insatisfechas; se calculó la tasa de mortalidad infantil, el índice de Gini y el índice de concentración. También se analizó la tendencia con un modelo de regresión lineal y se calculó el coeficiente de regresión y su significación estadística. Resultados. La mortalidad infantil se redujo 71,2% (de 32,41 a 9,34 por 1 000 nacidos vivos). La desigualdad por jurisdicción también se redujo y el índice de Gini pasó de 0,163 a 0,09. La desigualdad asociada a las condiciones sociales también mostró una reducción, y el índice de concentración disminuyó de -0,153 a -0,079. Si bien la mortalidad infantil se redujo en todo el período, este descenso no siempre se acompañó de una reducción del índice de Gini y del índice de concentración. Conclusiones. La tendencia de la tasa de mortalidad infantil fue al descenso mientras que la desigualdad en su distribución por jurisdicción y la desigualdad asociada a las condiciones sociales no siempre acompañaron esa reducción.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To estimate the trend in infant mortality, inequality between jurisdictions and inequality associated with social conditions in Argentina between 1980 and 2017. Methods. Ecological and time series study of infant mortality and its inequality. Official data on infant mortality, births and unmet basic needs were obtained; the infant mortality rate, the Gini index and the concentration index were calculated. The trend was also analyzed with a linear regression model and the regression coefficient and its statistical significance were calculated. Results. Infant mortality was reduced by 71.2% (from 32.41 to 9.34 per 1 000 live births). Inequality by jurisdiction also decreased, and the Gini index fell from 0,163 to 0,09. Inequality associated with social conditions also showed a reduction, and the concentration index was reduced from -0.153 to -0.079. Although infant mortality declined throughout the period, this decline was not always accompanied by a reduction in the Gini index and the concentration index. Conclusions. The trend in the infant mortality rate decreased while the inequality in its distribution by jurisdiction and the inequality associated with social conditions did not always accompany this reduction.

[Result of a strategy using reminders before and after date of vaccination to improve timeliness of vaccination at six month]. / Resultado de una estrategia de recordatorios previos y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación para mejorar la oportunidad de la vacunación a los seis meses.

The impact of immunization depends on timely application of the vaccines, especially relevant in children. Successful strategies for improving timeliness include the use of nominalized records and follow-up mechanisms. This study assessed the result of reminders before and after the scheduled date of vaccination to improve timely vaccination at six months. A before-and-after intervention study was performed with a time series and comparator group with 1,856 children from Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. The strategy was implemented in the city's public services and consisted of preparing weekly vaccination schedules, performing follow-up, and contacting and/or making active searches for no-show cases. Assessment of the result used the percentage of timely vaccination with the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine. Time series were built for each group, before and after, and were analyzed with a simple linear model. Means of the percentages were calculated with their confidence intervals, using bootstrap, and compared with the permutation method. In the intervention group, the mean percentage of timely vaccination increased significantly by 2.6 times, reaching 61.7% (56.2; 78.1). No significant increase occurred in the comparator group: p = 0.1101. The mean rates were similar before the implementation. Timely vaccination improved in children receiving the intervention. The results indicate that the proposed strategy to use nominalized records can reduce the delay in application of vaccines.

El impacto de la inmunización depende de que las vacunas se apliquen oportunamente, aspecto aún más relevante en los niños. Las estrategias exitosas para mejorar la oportunidad incluyen el uso de registros nominalizados y mecanismos de seguimiento. En este estudio se evaluó el resultado del uso de recordatorios previos, y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación, para mejorar la vacunación oportuna a los seis meses. Se realizó un estudio de intervención antes-después, con serie cronológica y grupo de comparación, con 1.856 niños de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. La estrategia se implementó en los servicios públicos de la ciudad y consistió en confeccionar agendas de vacunación semanalmente, realizar el seguimiento y contactar y/o realizar búsqueda activa en los casos de no concurrencia. Para evaluar el resultado se utilizó el porcentaje de vacunados oportunamente con tercera dosis de quíntuple. Se construyeron series cronológicas para cada grupo, antes y después, y se analizaron con un modelo lineal simple. Se calculó la media de los porcentajes y sus intervalos de confianza utilizando bootstrap y se compararon con el método de permutaciones. En el grupo de intervención, la media del porcentaje de vacunación oportuna aumentó significativamente 2,6 veces, llegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). En el de comparación no hubo un incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes de la implementación sus medias eran similares. Se mejoró la vacunación oportuna de los niños bajo intervención. Los resultados indican que la estrategia propuesta para utilizar los registros nominalizados puede reducir la demora en la aplicación de las vacunas.

O impacto da imunização depende de quais vacinas se aplicaram no momento oportuno, característica ainda mais relevante nas crianças. As estratégias bem sucedidas para melhorar a oportunidade incluem o uso de registros nominalizados e mecanismos de monitoramento. Neste estudo foi avaliado o resultado da utilização de avisos prévios, e posteriores a data de vacinação, para melhorar a vacinação num prazo de seis meses. Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção antes e depois, com série cronológica e grupo de comparação, com 1.856 crianças da Villa Maria, Córdoba, Argentina. A estratégia foi implementada nos serviços públicos da cidade e consistiu em elaborar agendas de vacinação semanalmente, fazer monitoramento, contatar e desenvolver uma pesquisa ativa nos casos de não concorrência. Para avaliar o resultado foi utilizada a porcentagem de vacinados adequadamente com a terceira dose de quíntupla. Foram construídas séries cronológicas para cada grupo, antes e depois, foram analisadas com um modelo lineal simples. Foi calculada a media das porcentagens e seus intervalos de confiança usando bootstrap e foram comparados com o método de permutações. No grupo de intervenção, a média de porcentagem de vacinação oportuna aumentou significativamente 2,6 vezes, chegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). No grupo de comparação não ouve um incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes da implementação as médias eram similares. Foi melhorada a vacinação oportuna das crianças sob intervenção. Os resultados indicam que a estratégia proposta para utilizar os registros nominalizados pode reduzir a demora nas aplicações das vacinas.

Resultado de una estrategia de recordatorios previos y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación para mejorar la oportunidad de la vacunación a los seis meses / Result of a strategy using reminders before and after date of vaccination to improve timeliness of vaccination at six month / Resultado de uma estratégia de avisos prévios e posteriores a data de vacinação para melhorar a oportunidade da vacinação aos seis meses

Resumen: El impacto de la inmunización depende de que las vacunas se apliquen oportunamente, aspecto aún más relevante en los niños. Las estrategias exitosas para mejorar la oportunidad incluyen el uso de registros nominalizados y mecanismos de seguimiento. En este estudio se evaluó el resultado del uso de recordatorios previos, y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación, para mejorar la vacunación oportuna a los seis meses. Se realizó un estudio de intervención antes-después, con serie cronológica y grupo de comparación, con 1.856 niños de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. La estrategia se implementó en los servicios públicos de la ciudad y consistió en confeccionar agendas de vacunación semanalmente, realizar el seguimiento y contactar y/o realizar búsqueda activa en los casos de no concurrencia. Para evaluar el resultado se utilizó el porcentaje de vacunados oportunamente con tercera dosis de quíntuple. Se construyeron series cronológicas para cada grupo, antes y después, y se analizaron con un modelo lineal simple. Se calculó la media de los porcentajes y sus intervalos de confianza utilizando bootstrap y se compararon con el método de permutaciones. En el grupo de intervención, la media del porcentaje de vacunación oportuna aumentó significativamente 2,6 veces, llegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). En el de comparación no hubo un incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes de la implementación sus medias eran similares. Se mejoró la vacunación oportuna de los niños bajo intervención. Los resultados indican que la estrategia propuesta para utilizar los registros nominalizados puede reducir la demora en la aplicación de las vacunas.

Abstract: The impact of immunization depends on timely application of the vaccines, especially relevant in children. Successful strategies for improving timeliness include the use of nominalized records and follow-up mechanisms. This study assessed the result of reminders before and after the scheduled date of vaccination to improve timely vaccination at six months. A before-and-after intervention study was performed with a time series and comparator group with 1,856 children from Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. The strategy was implemented in the city's public services and consisted of preparing weekly vaccination schedules, performing follow-up, and contacting and/or making active searches for no-show cases. Assessment of the result used the percentage of timely vaccination with the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine. Time series were built for each group, before and after, and were analyzed with a simple linear model. Means of the percentages were calculated with their confidence intervals, using bootstrap, and compared with the permutation method. In the intervention group, the mean percentage of timely vaccination increased significantly by 2.6 times, reaching 61.7% (56.2; 78.1). No significant increase occurred in the comparator group: p = 0.1101. The mean rates were similar before the implementation. Timely vaccination improved in children receiving the intervention. The results indicate that the proposed strategy to use nominalized records can reduce the delay in application of vaccines.

Resumo: O impacto da imunização depende de quais vacinas se aplicaram no momento oportuno, característica ainda mais relevante nas crianças. As estratégias bem sucedidas para melhorar a oportunidade incluem o uso de registros nominalizados e mecanismos de monitoramento. Neste estudo foi avaliado o resultado da utilização de avisos prévios, e posteriores a data de vacinação, para melhorar a vacinação num prazo de seis meses. Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção antes e depois, com série cronológica e grupo de comparação, com 1.856 crianças da Villa Maria, Córdoba, Argentina. A estratégia foi implementada nos serviços públicos da cidade e consistiu em elaborar agendas de vacinação semanalmente, fazer monitoramento, contatar e desenvolver uma pesquisa ativa nos casos de não concorrência. Para avaliar o resultado foi utilizada a porcentagem de vacinados adequadamente com a terceira dose de quíntupla. Foram construídas séries cronológicas para cada grupo, antes e depois, foram analisadas com um modelo lineal simples. Foi calculada a media das porcentagens e seus intervalos de confiança usando bootstrap e foram comparados com o método de permutações. No grupo de intervenção, a média de porcentagem de vacinação oportuna aumentou significativamente 2,6 vezes, chegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). No grupo de comparação não ouve um incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes da implementação as médias eram similares. Foi melhorada a vacinação oportuna das crianças sob intervenção. Os resultados indicam que a estratégia proposta para utilizar os registros nominalizados pode reduzir a demora nas aplicações das vacinas.

Prevalencia y características clínicas del asma en adultos jóvenes en zonas urbanas de Argentina / Prevalence and Features of Asthma in Young Adults in Urban Areas of Argentina

Objetivo: Estimar la carga del asma en la población adulta joven en zonas urbanas de Argentina. Diseño: Se realizó una encuesta telefónica a nivel nacional en sujetos de 20 a 44 años en áreas urbanas de Argentina. Se utilizó el cuestionario de la European Community Respiratory Health Survey. El asma se definió como ataque en el último año o uso de medicamentos para el asma. Resultados: Mil quinientos veintiún sujetos fueron encuestados (62,4% mujeres, edad media 33 años). Noventa y uno fueron clasificados como asmáticos (5,9%, IC 95% 4,7-7,1). La prevalencia ajustada por edad, sexo y nivel educativo fue de 6,4% (IC 95% 5,1-7,7). El porcentaje de sibilancia fue de un 13,9% (IC 95% 15,6-12,2) y el de diagnóstico médico de asma, de un 9,5% (IC 95% 8,0-11,0). Entre los diagnósticos (n = 154), el 71,3% realizó una espirometría y el 51,9% de los tratados (n = 77) utilizaba medicamentos diariamente y un 46,8% como rescate. De los que reportaron algún ataque en el último año (n = 60), un 55% tuvieron una visita a Urgencias y un 23,3% fueron hospitalizados. El asma se asoció con rinitis (OR 11,1; IC 95% 6,2-19,9) e historia familiar (OR 3,6; IC 95% 2,3-5,5). Conclusión: La prevalencia de asma en adultos jóvenes en Argentina es similar a la de Europa. Aunque los ataques y las admisiones fueron comunes, el uso regular de los medicamentos fue informado por la mitad de los tratados. Los resultados pueden ser útiles para otros países de América Latina (AU)

Objective: To investigate the burden of asthma in a young adult population in urban areas of Argentina. Design: A nationwide telephone survey in subjects aged 20-44 years was performed in urban areas in Argentina. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire was used. Asthma was defined as an exacerbation in the last year or use of asthma medications. Results: In total, 1,521 subjects responded (62.4% females, mean age 33 years), of whom 91 were classified as asthmatics (5.9%, 95% CI 4.7-7.1). Prevalence adjusted for age, sex and education level was 6.4% (95% CI 5.1-7.7). Wheezing was reported by 13.9% (95% CI 15.6-12.2) and a diagnosis of asthma by 9.5% (95% CI 8.0-11.0). Among individuals with a diagnosis of asthma (n=154), 71.3% had undergone spirometry. Among those treated (n=77), 51.9% used medications daily and 46.8% as a rescue measure. Of those reporting an exacerbation in the last year (n=60), 55% had attended an emergency department and 23% were admitted. Asthma was associated with rhinitis (OR 11.1, 95% CI 6.2-19.9) and family history (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.3-5.5). Conclusion: Asthma prevalence in young adults in Argentina is similar to Europe. Although attacks and admissions were common, regular use of medications was reported by half of those treated. These results may be useful for other Latin American countries (AU)

Prevalence and Features of Asthma in Young Adults in Urban Areas of Argentina. / Prevalencia y características clínicas del asma en adultos jóvenes en zonas urbanas de Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the burden of asthma in a young adult population in urban areas of Argentina. DESIGN: A nationwide telephone survey in subjects aged 20-44 years was performed in urban areas in Argentina. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire was used. Asthma was defined as an exacerbation in the last year or use of asthma medications. RESULTS: In total, 1,521 subjects responded (62.4% females, mean age 33 years), of whom 91 were classified as asthmatics (5.9%, 95% CI 4.7-7.1). Prevalence adjusted for age, sex and education level was 6.4% (95% CI 5.1-7.7). Wheezing was reported by 13.9% (95% CI 15.6-12.2) and a diagnosis of asthma by 9.5% (95% CI 8.0-11.0). Among individuals with a diagnosis of asthma (n=154), 71.3% had undergone spirometry. Among those treated (n=77), 51.9% used medications daily and 46.8% as a rescue measure. Of those reporting an exacerbation in the last year (n=60), 55% had attended an emergency department and 23% were admitted. Asthma was associated with rhinitis (OR 11.1, 95% CI 6.2-19.9) and family history (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.3-5.5). CONCLUSION: Asthma prevalence in young adults in Argentina is similar to Europe. Although attacks and admissions were common, regular use of medications was reported by half of those treated. These results may be useful for other Latin American countries.

Determinantes sociales de la mortalidad infantil por causas reducibles en la Argentina, 2009-2011

bjetivo: identificar los determinantes sociales de la mortalidad infantil, según el criterio de reducibilidad, en tres niveles de determinación (individual, familiar y poblacional).Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal para el análisis de las características de la mortalidad infantil en partidos y departamentos de la República Argentina, y de los determinantes sociales de la mortalidad infantil, en tres niveles de análisis. Para el primero y el segundo nivel, se utilizaron variables relacionadas con los fallecidos que están disponibles en los informes estadísticos de defunción. Para el tercer nivel se utilizaron los datos poblacionales provenientes del Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas del 2010.Resultados: de los determinantes sociales de la salud considerados, las variables que presentaron asociación estadísticamente significativa con la mortalidad infantil por causas reducibles fueron: edad del fallecido al momento de la muerte, la edad gestacional, lugar de ocurrencia de la muerte, haber tenido atención o no, el nivel de instrucción de la madre, la situación laboral, primaria incompleta y hacinamiento.Conclusión: existe una influencia de factores tanto del nivel individual, como del nivel familiar y poblacional sobre la mortalidad infantil y en mayor proporción sobre las muertes por causas reducibles.

he objective of this project is to identify the social determinants of infant mortality according to the criteria of reducibility and to investigate the association between the infant mortality and its determinants on multiple levels.Methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed the characteristics of infant mortality in parties and departments of Argentina and the social determinants of infant mortality in three levels of analysis.Results: The variables that showed a statistically significant association with infant mortality due to avoidable causes were: age of the deceased at the time of death, gestational age, place of occurrence of death, having attention or not, the level of instruction of the mother, employment status, overcrowding, and incomplete primary care.Conclusions: The factors that influence infant mortality exists as much at an individual level as they do at the family and population levels, and a large proportion of deaths are from preventable causes.

Normas técnicas de tuberculosis / Technical standards of tuberculosis

La tuberculosis (TB) es un importante problema de salud por el daño que provoca tanto enMorbilidad (numero de personas que a su vez transmiten la enfermedad) como en mortalidad (personas que mueren como consecuencia directa o indirecta por las secuelas que esta deja). Este daño de enfermedad y muerte es producido por una patología que tiene un diagnostico sencillo y un tratamiento eficaz en la mayoría de los casos

Tuberculosis en Argentina: desigualdad social y de género / Tuberculosis in Argentina: social and gender inequality

Este artículo se propone describir la distribución de la tuberculosis en Argentina y analizar la desigualdad social y de género de la distribución en el período 1990-2011. Para ello, se emplearon las cifras oficiales de notificación de casos de tuberculosis del país, se calcularon tasas por 100.000 habitantes por jurisdicción y departamentos, por grupos de edad y por sexo. La desigualdad en la distribución se analizó mediante el índice de Gini y su asociación con las condiciones sociales mediante el índice de concentración y el índice de efecto; la tendencia se estudió mediante regresión exponencial. Los resultados muestran que las tasas de tuberculosis son mayores entre los 20 y 34 años de edad y son superiores en varones. Existe una marcada desigualdad entre jurisdicciones (índice de Gini = 0,273) y es mayor por departamentos (índice de Gini = 0,391), superior en mujeres (0,411) que en varones (0,394). La distribución de la tuberculosis se asoció a peores condiciones sociales (índice de efecto = -0,212), y esta asociación fue mayor en las mujeres (índice de efecto = 11,4; 6,4; 16,4). La tendencia del problema al descenso entre 1990 y 2011 no ha contribuido a reducir las brechas entre jurisdicciones y departamentos ni tampoco a reducir la desigualdad en la distribución de la tuberculosis asociada a las desfavorables condiciones sociales de la población.

This article seeks to describe the distribution of tuberculosis in Argentina and analyze the social and gender inequality of the distribution within the period of 1990-2011. In order to accomplish this, the official data from tuberculosis case notifications in the country was used, and the rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants by jurisdiction and department, by age group and by sex. The inequality in the distribution was analyzed using the Gini index and the association with social conditions using the concentration index and the effect index; the trend was studied using exponential regression. The results demonstrate that tuberculosis rates are higher between 20 and 34 years of age and are greater in males. There is a marked inequality among jurisdictions (Gini index = 0.273) which is even greater among departments (Gini index = 0.391) and is higher in females (0.411) than in males (0.394). The distribution of tuberculosis was associated with worse social conditions (effect index = -0.212) and this association was stronger in females (effect index = 11.4, 6.4, 16.4). The downward trend in tuberculosis rates observed between 1990 and 2011 has not contributed to reducing the gaps among jurisdictions and departments nor has it reduced the inequality in the distribution of tuberculosis associated with the unfavorable social conditions of the population.

Tuberculosis en Argentina: desigualdad social y de género / Tuberculosis in Argentina: social and gender inequality

Este artículo se propone describir la distribución de la tuberculosis en Argentina y analizar la desigualdad social y de género de la distribución en el período 1990-2011. Para ello, se emplearon las cifras oficiales de notificación de casos de tuberculosis del país, se calcularon tasas por 100.000 habitantes por jurisdicción y departamentos, por grupos de edad y por sexo. La desigualdad en la distribución se analizó mediante el índice de Gini y su asociación con las condiciones sociales mediante el índice de concentración y el índice de efecto; la tendencia se estudió mediante regresión exponencial. Los resultados muestran que las tasas de tuberculosis son mayores entre los 20 y 34 años de edad y son superiores en varones. Existe una marcada desigualdad entre jurisdicciones (índice de Gini = 0,273) y es mayor por departamentos (índice de Gini = 0,391), superior en mujeres (0,411) que en varones (0,394). La distribución de la tuberculosis se asoció a peores condiciones sociales (índice de efecto = -0,212), y esta asociación fue mayor en las mujeres (índice de efecto = 11,4; 6,4; 16,4). La tendencia del problema al descenso entre 1990 y 2011 no ha contribuido a reducir las brechas entre jurisdicciones y departamentos ni tampoco a reducir la desigualdad en la distribución de la tuberculosis asociada a las desfavorables condiciones sociales de la población.(AU)

This article seeks to describe the distribution of tuberculosis in Argentina and analyze the social and gender inequality of the distribution within the period of 1990-2011. In order to accomplish this, the official data from tuberculosis case notifications in the country was used, and the rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants by jurisdiction and department, by age group and by sex. The inequality in the distribution was analyzed using the Gini index and the association with social conditions using the concentration index and the effect index; the trend was studied using exponential regression. The results demonstrate that tuberculosis rates are higher between 20 and 34 years of age and are greater in males. There is a marked inequality among jurisdictions (Gini index = 0.273) which is even greater among departments (Gini index = 0.391) and is higher in females (0.411) than in males (0.394). The distribution of tuberculosis was associated with worse social conditions (effect index = -0.212) and this association was stronger in females (effect index = 11.4, 6.4, 16.4). The downward trend in tuberculosis rates observed between 1990 and 2011 has not contributed to reducing the gaps among jurisdictions and departments nor has it reduced the inequality in the distribution of tuberculosis associated with the unfavorable social conditions of the population.(AU)

Operations research on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) / Investigaciones operativas sobre Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades

[Preface]. The commitment assumed by the countries during the Millennium Summit to reduce mortality in children under 5 by two-thirds over 1990 figures by the year 2015 restores the priority and importance accorded to child survival for improving the health of the population. In the Region of the Americas, meeting this target will require the continued strengthening of interventions for the prevention and effective treatment of infectious diseases, respiratory illnesses, and malnutrition, which are still responsible for roughly 30% of the deaths each year in children under 5. However, since these diseases and health problems no longer cause most of the deaths in this age group, attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) will require the prevention and control of other health problems, such as peri-neonatal disorders, which account for 40% of the mortality in children under 5 and 60% of infant mortality. Ensuring that more and more children survive the first years of life cannot be the sole objective of action to improve the health of the population. It must be complemented with interventions designed to provide all children with the proper conditions for growth and development. This is the only way to help boys and girls grow into healthy adolescents, young adults, and adults who can contribute to the development and growth of their families and communities...Thus, the IMCI operations research projects are presented as a tool to support the ongoing identification of problems and actions to solve them and to assess the impact of these actions. Within this context, these protocols are expected not only to demonstrate the impact of the strategy on child health, but to provide more in-depth knowledge about the health situation of children, in addition to boosting local capacity to identify and solve problems. In light of all this, it is hoped that just as the benefits of the IMCI strategy extend beyond child health, improving the ability of families to prevent disease and promote health, the application of these protocols will also extend beyond actions in child health, upgrading the skills of all people working in local health services and the community to improve the health of the population.

Situación de la tuberculosis: República Argentina, 2002

Notificación de casos de tuberculosis en la República Argentina, durante el año 2002, elaborada por el Sistema de Información en Tuberculosis del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias

Situación de la tuberculosis: República Argentina, 2002

Notificación de casos de tuberculosis en la República Argentina, durante el año 2002, elaborada por el Sistema de Información en Tuberculosis del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias

Situación de tuberculosis: República Argentina, 2001

Trabajo elaborado por el Sistema de Información en Tuberculosis del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Emilio Coni, (Santa Fe, Argentina). Se actualiza la información procesada por el Instituto, especialmente la relacionada con notificación de casos

Situación de tuberculosis: República Argentina, 2001

Trabajo elaborado por el Sistema de Información en Tuberculosis del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Emilio Coni, (Santa Fe, Argentina). Se actualiza la información procesada por el Instituto, especialmente la relacionada con notificación de casos